What are Stem Cells? | Stem cells: Meaning, Therapy | Stem Cells Kya Hota Hai
Amazing stem cells have the capacity to develop into any type of cell in the body. They can continue to divide indefinitely and repair organs and tissues that have been harmed or become ill. We will discuss what stem cells are, how they are obtained, and the different medicinal uses for them in this post.
How do stem cells work?
Undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells, known as stem cells, have the capacity to proliferate endlessly to make more of the same stem cell. They are the ancestor of all cell types in a lineage.
Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells are the two main categories of stem cells.
Reproductive stem cells
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are stem cells that are produced from the inner cell mass of an early-stage mammalian embryo, or blastocyst, which is a hollow sphere of developing cells. ESCs are pluripotent because they can be produced in tissue culture and can differentiate into any form of body cell. They do, however, have several drawbacks, including ethical issues, immunological rejection, and tumorigenicity.
Adult stem cells
Adult stem cells are stem cells that are only found in a few niches, or specific areas of the body, like the bone marrow or gonads. They are multipotent or unipotent, which means they only differentiate into a small number of cell types or one type of cell, and they exist to quickly replace lost cell types. For instance, mesenchymal stem cells can develop into bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat cells, whereas hematopoietic stem cells can develop into blood and immune cells. Adult stem cells have some disadvantages over embryonic stem cells, including restricted differentiation capacity, senescence, and contamination. However, they are more widely available and compatible with the patient's own tissues.
How do stem cells get made?
Depending on the nature and usage of the stem cells, they can be obtained from a variety of sources.
Reproductive stem cells
Typically, leftover embryos given by couples that use in vitro fertilisation (IVF) techniques are used to create ESCs. In most cases, the embryos are between 5 and 14 days after fertilisation at the blastocyst stage. The blastocyst's inner cell mass is removed and grown in a specific medium that contains components that inhibit development. As an alternative, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a technique for cloning that involves inserting the nucleus of a somatic cell (such as a skin cell) into an enucleated egg cell, can also be used to produce ESCs. This produces a cloned embryo from which ESCs can be derived.
Grown-up stem cells
A variety of body tissues and organs, including bone marrow, blood, umbilical cord blood, adipose tissue, skin, tooth pulp, etc., can be used to harvest adult stem cells. Depending on the source, different extraction techniques may be used, including surgery, biopsy, aspiration, or collection. Before being utilised for transplantation or research, the adult stem cells are then separated and grown in culture.
How are stem cells employed?
In both medicine and biotechnology, stem cells offer a wide range of possible uses. Among the uses both now and in the future are:
Transplanting hematopoietic stem cells
The only proven medical stem cell therapy is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To treat numerous blood diseases and tumours, hematopoietic stem cells are transferred from a donor (allogeneic) or from the patient themself (autologous). Following chemotherapy or radiation therapy, HSCT can bring the blood and immune system back to normal operation. Risks include graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), infection, haemorrhage, and transplant failure, however.
Regenerative medical care
Regenerative medicine is a young area that uses stem cells or their byproducts to repair or replace diseased or damaged tissues and organs. Examples of applications for regenerative medicine include:
- Cardiac repair involves creating cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) or vascular endothelial cells (blood vessel lining cells) from adult stem cells or ESCs to treat heart failure, myocardial infarction, or ischemia.
- Neural repair: employing adult stem cells or ESCs to produce neurons, glia, or oligodendrocytes (nerve cells and their supporting cells) to treat brain damage, spinal cord injuries, strokes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Diabetes treatment: generating pancreatic beta cells (insulin-producing cells) from adult stem cells or ESCs can help treat type 1 diabetes.
- Liver regeneration: creating new liver cells from adult stem cells or ESCs to treat cirrhosis, hepatitis, or liver failure.
- Skin regeneration: employing adult stem cells or ESCs to produce keratinocytes, which are cells of the skin, or fibroblasts, which are cells of the connective tissue, to cure burns, wounds, ulcers, or skin illnesses.
- Bone and cartilage regeneration: employing adult stem cells or ESCs to produce osteoblasts (cells that make bone) or chondrocytes (cells that form cartilage) to treat joint injuries, osteoporosis, and bone fractures.
Drug research and evaluation
Drug development and testing can potentially benefit from the use of stem cells. Researchers may examine the normal growth and operation of these cells, as well as the beginning and course of disorders that impact them, by producing particular cell types from stem cells. Additionally, by subjecting these cell types to various medications or substances, researchers can evaluate the safety and effectiveness of these medications or substances prior to employing them in clinical trials. For instance, medicines that can cause cardiac toxicity or arrhythmia can be screened for using cardiomyocytes generated from stem cells.
Conclusion
The extraordinary properties of stem cells allow them to proliferate endlessly and develop into any form of cell in the body. They offer a wide range of potential uses in science and medicine, including drug discovery and testing, tissue regeneration, and regenerative medicine. They do, however, also encounter various difficulties and constraints, such as moral dilemmas, technical problems, legal obstacles, and unidentified threats. To overcome these obstacles and fully utilise stem cells for the benefit of humanity, more research and innovation are therefore required.
